Journal articles: 'Land Code' – Grafiati (2024)

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The rational use of natural resources in land law is understood as the increase in the ecological efficiency of the use of natural resources, including the quality improvement. the paper identifies the types of public relations concerning the rational use of natural resources in land law: 1) improvement of the state of the natural environment and the ecological situation in general; 2) improvement of the quality of land as a separate natural resource and a natural object; 3) land reclamation; 4) land restoration; 5) additional reproduction of land fertility; 6) other relationships aimed at improving the sustainability of environmental systems of which land is a part. On the example of Part 2 Art. 8.7 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, Para. 2 of Art. 45, Para. 2 of Art. 46 and Para. 1 of Art. 47 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation the paper shows the significance of differentiation between rational and sustainable use of natural resources in land law for law enforcement. The proposed differntiation leads to overcoming legal uncertainty when bringing to administrative responsibility and forced termination of rights to land plots for failure to fulfill mandatory measures for the land improvement. The author substantiates the supression from the objective side of the administrative offense provided by Part 2 of Art. 8.7 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, of the failure to act on mandatory improvement of lands. The reasons for the proposed change of the rule include: 1) the absence in law enforcement practice of the facts of bringing to administrative responsibility under Part 2 Art. 8.7 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation for failure to comply with mandatory measures to improve lands; 2) recognition by courts in most cases of the design of part 2 of Art. 8.7 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation as a formally defined crime; 3) the study of Part 2 Article 8.7 of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation in the science of Land Law exclusively in the context of the failure to implement mandatory measures to protect land and soil; 4) only social relations in the field of preservation and protection of land against negative impact can be the object of an administrative violation.

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The paper describes figurative signs of the macroconcepts zemlya and earth / land from the aspect of the vital code of linguistic culture. The vital code is represented in metaphors of a living being. The purpose of the article is to define a set of vital signs of the macroconcepts zemlya and earth / land. The objectives of the study are as follows: 1. to provide a brief overview of the existing studies concerning the vital code; 2. to identify and compare the vital signs of zemlya and earth / land macroconcepts in the collected language material. The subject of the study is language constructions including the words zemlya and earth / land and containing metaphors of a living being. The object of the study is the vital code of Russian and English linguistic cultures. As to the current scientific relevance of the study, the means of expressing the macroconcepts zemlya and earth / land presented in the compared linguistic cultures are analyzed in terms of two principles – anthropomorphism and vitality. The study is novel in that the macroconcepts zemlya and earth / land are first considered within codes of linguistic culture. The main methods of research are descriptive, conceptual, comparative, interpretative. The study material was selected from the Russian National Corpus (www.ruscorpora.ru) and Oxford Text Archive (https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/). As the study showed, the identified vital signs can be grouped into four blocks: 1. Physiological signs (‘voicelessness’, ‘disease’, ‘age’, ‘voice’, ‘movement’, ‘breathing’, ‘shaking’, ‘health’, ‘beauty’, ‘feeding’, ‘drinking’, ‘strength’, ‘weakness’, ‘sleep’). 2. Ontological signs (‘birth,’ ‘life’, ‘death’). 3. Perceptual signs (‘hearing’, ‘vision’, ‘touch’). 4. Somatic signs (‘legs’, ‘hands’, ‘lips’, ‘eyebrows’, ‘head’, ‘lap’, ‘breast’, ‘face’, ‘body’, ‘womb’, ‘blood’, ‘bowels’). Codes of linguistic culture are universal: they are presented in the descriptions of different fragments of the world. The vital signs represented in zemlya and earth / land concept structures are almost identical. However, the specific quantity of metaphors that implement them is different.

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The most important step at the present stage of land reform was the adoption of such basic legislative acts as the Land Code of Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On the Delimitation of State Ownership of Land”, the Federal Law “On the Turnover of Agricultural Land”, the Federal Law “On the transfer of land or land plots from one category to another”, as well as the adoption of other regulatory legal acts in compliance with the specified federal laws. This caused a consistent continuation of the land reform, but no radical shifts in its implementation took place, and, therefore, new amendments are required to the current legislation.

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The article substantiates that crimes in the sphere of land transactions lead to violation of the legal rights and interests of owners and other owners of land, but in the practice of law enforcement agencies they are underestimated. On the basis of a specific sociological study, the determinants of registration of illegal transactions are determined; the legal regulations governing illegal transactions show the main inconsistencies of theory and practice, the contradictions of the provisions of the Civil, Land, Tax codes of the Russian Federation, as well as parts of Federal laws; the article substantiates the need to clarify the composition of Art. 170 of the criminal code; offers specific practical recommendations for optimizing the legal regulation of land relations in the Russian Federation.

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The definition of the concept of turnover is absent in the provisions of the civil code and other normativelegal acts. The scientific discussion is based on the content of the concepts of turnover, civil turnover and legalregime, and their relationship. In civil turnover, most of the objects of civil rights are freely used, which ispredetermined by their inherent legal property of turnover. The civil code defines turnover as the ability ofan object of civil rights to be freely alienated and transferred from one person to another. Turnover is oftenidentified with the ability of an object to be an object of civil rights in General. The doctrine also does nothave a single point of view regarding the understanding of turnover and its relationship to the legal regime.Land plots are objects of civil turnover, participate in land legal relations as objects of civil turnover.The turnover of land plots is carried out to the extent that it is allowed by the legislation. The question ofthe correlation between land and civil legislation in regulating the turnover of land plots is relevant. Thecivil code refers the determination of the degree of turnover of land plots to the subject of regulation of landlegislation. In accordance with the land code, the turnover of land plots is carried out in accordance withcivil legislation and the code, while the content of restrictions on the turnover of land plots is establishedby the land code and Federal laws.

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The article is devoted to the previously called ambiguous interpretation of doctrine and judicial practice: how should land for farming be provided — in the auction, or no auction. The changes to the Land Code of the Russian Federation in the summer of 2014 are analyzed, and their assessment is given by the author. The article of the Land Code, admitting, unlike civil law, only one form of auction — auctions is criticized. In particular, in relation to agricultural land the most appropriate form of trading would have been a competition. The author concludes that the farmers, as before, will receive plots of land mainly from auction, despite the presence in the Land Code of the provisions on allocation of land plots without bidding.

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Special attention is paid to the concept, characteristics and specificity of multi-boundary agricultural land plots. In law enforcement practice, a multi-boundary land plot is an object of land relations, while the regulatory framework of the Russian Federation is characterized by significant gaps in regulating the regime of this plot. In particular, the Land code of the Russian Federation and other provisions of current legislation do not contain rules on the concept of a multi-boundary plot, the procedure for its formation and the legal regime. Features of the regime of multi-boundary agricultural land plots are also characterized by incomplete legal regulation.The problem of permissibility of border crossing of multi-boundary land plots and populated areas and (or) municipal formations is also characterized by lacunae which may lead to the placement of parts of a multi-boundary plot within various categories of lands. The article analyzes a number of controversial issues, including the multi-boundary plot as an object of rights and the economic need for the formation of such land plots in the absence of legally established criteria. In practice, there are examples of identifying a part of a multi-boundary plot with an ordinary land plot, which makes it difficult to distinguish these objects. In the author’s opinion, the question of multi-boundary land plots formation reasonability and the necessity to change and amend the Land Code of Russia with the corresponding provisions, is a topical question. The author arrives at the conclusion that it should not be acceptable if parts of multi-boundary agricultural lands come under various categories of lands.   

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Abstract. We present the latest global land configuration of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) model as used in the latest international Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The configuration is defined by the combination of switches, parameter values and ancillary data, which we provide alongside a set of historical forcing data that defines the experimental setup. The configurations provided are JULES-GL7.0, the base setup used in CMIP6 and JULES-GL7.2, a subversion that includes improvements to the representation of canopy radiation and interception. These configurations are recommended for all JULES applications focused on the exchange and state of heat, water and momentum at the land surface. In addition, we provide a standardised modelling system that runs on the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) JASMIN cluster, accessible to all JULES users. This is provided so that users can test and evaluate their own science against the standard configuration to promote community engagement in the development of land surface modelling capability through JULES. It is intended that JULES configurations should be independent of the underlying code base, and thus they will be available in the latest release of the JULES code. This means that different code releases will produce scientifically comparable results for a given configuration version. Versioning is therefore determined by the configuration as opposed to the underlying code base.

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Recent events had put the question of security of land transactions at the forefront of not only the political and economic agenda worldwide, but also posed some key questions for law and the future regulation of property rights. The Torrens System of land registration which is practiced in Malaysia can be traced back to Sir Robert Torrens in South Australia during the late eighteenth century. The land registration system should be made flexible enough to adapt to the changing of technologies but also secure enough to ensure that the registered proprietors have good title to their lands. This article is intended to explore the rigorous and somewhat tedious process that is provided under the National Land Code 1965 relating to the attestation of instruments before the presentation for registration.

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Abstract: Based on the results of studies from the Indonesian earthquake map revision team (in Irsyam, M, et al, 2010) the active geological structure that passes through Palu City is in the form of PKF (Palu Koro Fault) and MF (Matano Fault) both are active faults that are often found around the Palu valley . The series of disasters that occurred on 28 September 2018 were caused by tectonic movements on the Korro Palu Fault. Therefore Palu City is required to have disaster mitigation measures. After the zoning of disaster-prone space in Palu City and surrounding areas that divides Palu City into 4 Zoning namely ZRB 4, ZRB 3, ZRB 2 and ZRB 1. Then there is the Determination of Land Acquisition Locations planned for permanent housing construction for disaster victims that overlap with ZRB 3, where in this zoning there is a prohibition to build new dwellings on it and there are those that overlap with community ownership rights. So that the need for disaster mitigation measures in the form of Disaster-Based Land Acquisition Potential Maps. In this map provides information on locations that are outside ZRB 4 and ZRB 3 and do not overlap with community ownership rights.Keyword: Disaster, Land Acquisition, Palu CityIntisari: Berdasarkan hasil studi dari tim revisi peta gempa Indonesia (dalam Irsyam, M, dkk, 2010) struktur geologi aktif yang melewati Kota Palu adalah berupa PKF (Palu Koro Fault) dan MF (Matano Fault) keduanya merupakan sesar aktif yang banyak dijumpai disekitar lembah Palu. Rentetan bencana yang terjadi pada tanggal 28 September 2018 disebabkan adanya pergerakan tektonik pada Patahan Palu Korro. Oleh sebab itu Kota Palu diharuskan memiliki tindakan mitigasi bencana. Setelah adanya zonasi ruang rawan bencana di Kota Palu dan sekitarnya yang membagi Kota Palu menjadi 4 Zonasi yaitu ZRB 4, ZRB 3, ZRB 2 dan ZRB 1. Kemudian adanya Penetapan Lokasi Pengadaan Tanah yang direncanakan untuk dibangun hunian tetap untuk korban bencana yang bertampalan dengan ZRB 3, dimana dalam zonasi ini ada larangan untuk membangun hunian baru diatasnya serta ada yang bertampalan dengan hak kepemilikan masyarakat. Sehingga perlu adanya tindakan mitigasi bencana berupa Peta Potensi Pengadaan Tanah Berbasis Kebencanaan. Dalam peta ini memberikan informasi lokasi-lokasi yang berada diluar ZRB 4 dan ZRB 3 serta tidak bertampalan dengan Hak Kepemilikan Masyarakat.Kata Kunci: Bencana, Pengadaan Tanah, Kota Palu

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Afforestation of agricultural lands may be a positive action in many cases. Especially, it is a beneficial feature for waterlogged soils, stony soils or for soils which are less fertile for any other reason and thus unsuitable for farming. Afforestation can be a very important action even in the agricultural landscape – afforested belts of agricultural land divide large farm blocks into smaller ones, or act as windbreakers and biological corridors. The value, quality and fertility of soil can be assessed in different ways. The study aims to determine the identification soil criteria of agricultural land which is suitable for afforestation. This evaluation process is based on Evaluated Soil Ecological Units (ESEU), in the Czech Republic known as BPEJ, database which is available for all agricultural land in the Czech Republic. The results are represented by a complete list of ESEU codes suitable for afforestation. The list of codes is supplemented by an explanation why such an ESEU code, representing a soil group with similar properties, is suitable to afforestation.

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The article is devoted to the legal review of the monument of law of the last quarter of the XVI century – the Sudebnik of 1589, namely, its norms on peasant land ownership and land use. The article analyzes the legislative regulation of land relations in the north-western lands of Russia with the help of historical-legal and comparative-legal methods. To summarize the results of the study, the authors also considered the norms of the Judicial Code of 1550, which regulate the above-mentioned circle of public relations, but are applied in the central regions of Russia, where serfdom existed and actively developed. The comparative characteristics of the legal regulation of land relations among the peasantry in these legal monuments allow us to assert the interdependence of the rights of the Russian landowner on the territorial factor. The authors come to the conclusion that the peculiarity of the legal regulation of land relations in the Judicial Code of 1589 was interconnected and mutually conditioned by the specifics of the social and social structure of Pomerania, on the territory of which its norms were distributed, and where, unlike the central regions of the Moscow Kingdom, the peasant population lived free from serfdom.

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The codification of the legislation on lands, forests, subsoil and other natural resources in the Russian Empire (1721-1917) is studied herein. Some sources of the systematization process in this field of legislation in the period, preceding the formation of the empire, from the time of the ʼCouncil Codeʼ to the reforms of Peter I (1649-1720) are revealed. Initially, the formation of the legal regulation in this field had the form of adoption of numerous separate legal acts. Such law-making methods were casual in nature and resulted in the emergence of internal contradictions in the legislation, which became too extensive and inconsistent. This was the strong reason for the urgent need for its systematization. The land law was most developed in Russia in the pre-imperial and imperial periods, which was due to the prevalence of agricultural production and the special importance of land relations. The land legislation was codified prior to other natural resource industries. The second most important in this area was the forest legislation. This was explained by the abundance of forests and their active use in economic activities, which required serious legal regulation. The importance of subsoil legislation had increased over time, due to increased exploitation of mineral resources. Later, water and faunal law began to develop actively and systematically. The milestone in the development of natural resource industries was M.M. Speransky's codification reform, the main result of which was the appearance of the ʼCode of Laws of the Russian Empireʼ. The separate codes included in it were specifically devoted to land, forest and mineral relations. First of all, they were the ʼCode of Survey Lawsʼ (vol. X), the ʼCode of Institutions and Forest Chartersʼ (vol. VIII) and the ʼCode of Institutions and Mineral Chartersʼ (vol. VII), which, however, were only the part of the array of legal norms on lands, forests and subsoil. Other volumes of the Code of Laws contained a large number of them. The norms of water and faunal law had no separate codes. Their systematization was carried out in the charters of the related branches of law. Along with this codification, a large number of separate normative nature-resource acts were issued. Not all of them were organically included in the relevant codes; they simply joined them as the official annexes. The systematization of the legislation on natural resources in the empire was not very consistent and was not always successful (Engelstein 1993: 339). Even after the most extensive imperial codification, it remained extremely fragmented. However, the demerger of certain natural resource charters from the Code of Laws as the separate codification units indicated the beginning of the formation of the land, forest and mineral law in pre-revolutionary Russia as the independent branches.

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This work investigated concatenated coding schemes for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals in order to increase their error correction capability in urban environments. In particular, a serial concatenated code that combines an outer Reed–Solomon (RS) code with an inner low-density parity-check (LDPC) code was designed, and the performance was investigated over the land mobile satellite (LMS) channel for characterizing multipath and shadow fading in urban environments. The performance of the proposed concatenated coding scheme was compared to that of a B-CNAV1 message, in which two interleaved 64-ary LDPC codes were employed. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed concatenated code can obtain a similar error correction performance to the two interleaved 64-ary LDPC codes in both the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and LMS channels at a lower complexity level.

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Ukrainian lands have always attracted interest from foreign investors as a means of production and investment. The tendency to increase such interest does not change for quite a long time. According to Articles 18-20 of the Land Code of Ukraine, each land plot, regardless of the form of ownership or use, has a specific purpose, depending on which the status of the land plot is determined as the object of civil rights. Extremely topical issue is the right of ownership of land to non-residents, both physical and legal persons. The purpose of the article is to analyze regulatory and legal regulation of the peculiarities of acquiring ownership of land plots by non-residents, identifying gaps in legislation.

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The title of this Journal is "The Crime of Land Grabbing in a Criminal Law Perspective". The research problems studied in this thesis are how to regulate the crime of land grabbing, how is law enforcement against the crime of land grabbing. The research method used in this research is to use normative juridical research sourced from library research using secondary data which consist of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials.The result of the research shows that the regulation of thecrime of land grabbingis regulated in a number of provisions concerning the crime of land grabbing which is regulated in some provisions of the legislation, including Law Number 51 Prp. 1960 states that the use of land without a permit with the right or legal power is prohibited and punishable by criminal penalties (Article 2 and Article 6) and it is regulated in the Criminal Code in several articles, namely Article 167, Article 242, Article 263, Article 264, Article 266, Article 274, and Article 385 of the Criminal Code.. Law enforcement against the crime of land grabbing is subject to Article 385 of the Criminal Code which is the only article directly related to the land grabbing and is categorized as a criminal offense. Particularly in Article 385 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code which reads: "whoever with the intention of illegally benefiting himself or another person, sells, exchanges or burdens with credietverbandsomething right to Indonesian land, a building, construction, planting or seeding, even though it is known that it is someone else who owns or shares rights over it. Keywords : Crime, Land Grabbing, Criminal Law.

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A stable methodology for conserving the natural environment has been a concern for developing countries. The fast-paced growth of urbanization generated significant demand for automobiles, leading to greater utilization of fuel. The consumption of fuel is fulfilled by the Filling Station (FS). An FS is undoubtedly an important facility, but it is reported that it has high potential for degradation of natural resources, pollution problems, environmental degradation, and hydrological, geological, and socio-economic hazards, and therefore the site selection of such facilities is an essential problem. The traditional approach utilizes EIA assessments and GIS separately and existing models lacks integration. Thus, this study provides an integrated GIS-based land suitability modeling using EIA assessments, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been used as key land use feature prioritization for the appropriate selection of FS locations. A case study is also carried out to assess the precision of the suggested model. The findings indicate that more than 73% of the present FS are in the acceptable region, while 27% of the FS are not in the adequate region using the local code. Furthermore, 58% of the present FS are in the acceptable region, while 42% of current FS are not in the adequate region using the international code. The findings of the comparative code analysis show a difference in the codes. The international code looks safer compared to the local code because it has higher buffer distances. This model will assist decision-makers in making better decisions for such land suitability problems for filling stations, and this model can also be extended to other facilities by some modifications in the filters and data layers of the model.

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The 2012 Brazilian Forest Code governs the fate of forests and savannas on Brazil’s 394 Mha of privately owned lands. The government claims that a new national land registry (SICAR), introduced under the revised law, could end illegal deforestation by greatly reducing the cost of monitoring, enforcement, and compliance. This study evaluates that potential, using data from state-level land registries (CAR) in Pará and Mato Grosso that were precursors of SICAR. Using geospatial analyses and stakeholder interviews, we quantify the impact of CAR on deforestation and forest restoration, investigating how landowners adjust their behaviors over time. Our results indicate rapid adoption of CAR, with registered properties covering a total of 57 Mha by 2013. This suggests that the financial incentives to join CAR currently exceed the costs. Registered properties initially showed lower deforestation rates than unregistered ones, but these differences varied by property size and diminished over time. Moreover, only 6% of registered producers reported taking steps to restore illegally cleared areas on their properties. Our results suggest that, from the landowner's perspective, full compliance with the Forest Code offers few economic benefits. Achieving zero illegal deforestation in this context would require the private sector to include full compliance as a market criterion, while state and federal governments develop SICAR as a de facto enforcement mechanism. These results are relevant to other tropical countries and underscore the importance of developing a policy mix that creates lasting incentives for sustainable land-use practices.

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AbstractSmall landholders’ contribution to Amazon deforestation in Brazil has been persistent even after government actions have allowed a steep reduction in the overall annual deforestation area since 2004. We investigate land clearing and the incentives to comply versus not to comply with environmental legislation, allowing for selection into compliance or noncompliance due to unobserved perceptions of Forest Code enforcement. Our dynamic land clearing model is empirically tested through an endogenous switching regression method applied to data collected from households in the Transamazon-BR163 region between 2003 and 2014, when Forest Code enforcement supposedly increased. We show that smallholder compliance and noncompliance preferences lead to a selection problem that must be addressed in any land clearing behavior examination. We find that greater marginalization, longer land tenure and transitions to cattle grazing, but not agricultural rents, are major contributors to forest clearance and incentives not to comply with the Forest Code.

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The peculiarities of administrative and legal means for protecting forestry land of Ukraine have been considered. The issues of protecting forestry fund land in the context of the protection of forestry land have been researched. It has been found out that measures on protecting forestry land are divided into measures directly aimed at the protection of lands and measures related to forests protection. These measures constitute the content of the protection of forestry land. It has been noted that the structure of forestry land in the Forest Code of Ukraine is revealed through the indication on its composition: lands where forest areas are placed covered with forest vegetation; non-forest lands not covered by forest vegetation provided and used for forestry purposes. The following features of the land forest plot have been defined: it is a part of the forestry fund of Ukraine; it has defined boundaries; may be granted to a land user or land owner for forestry activities or may be withdrawn from a land user or land owner for forestry activities or other public needs. The basic feature of forestry fund land and non-forest areas has been clarified. It has been emphasized that non-forest lands are not included in the forestry fund of Ukraine as they are occupied by agricultural lands, water and marshes, facilities, communications, low-productive lands, etc., which are provided in due course and used for the needs of forestry activities. It has been concluded that the means of administrative and legal protection of forestry fund land of Ukraine are nowadays: quality management of agricultural land; organization and monitoring of forestry fund land of Ukraine; development of plans for the protection of forestry fund land of Ukraine, implementation of state control over the execution of measures, norms and rules for the protection of the forestry fund, etc.

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The aim of the research is to cast light on the legal regime of the mining area land in medieval Serbia and to answer to what extent Saxon customary mining law was accepted in this aspect and what the ratio legis of article 123 of Dušan's Code was? It seems likely that until the enactment of Dušan's Code it was possible to occupy land cleared for mining purposes and to acquire property of the mining area, which was previously res nullius. However, Dušan's Code changed this rule prescribing only the possibility of acquiring the time limited mining concession, which was motived by possible permanent monopolization of the land in the mining areas. At the same time, the Code proclaimed the right of ore search and exploration on the feudal lords' land. Similarities to the older Hungarian and Czech law indicates legal transplantation. The mining concession was regulated in Despot Stefan's Mining Code for Novo Brdo, which prescribed detailed rules for losing the concession in the case of neglecting the mining activity. Based on similarities one can assume that these rules were mostly the reception of the Saxon customary mining law, also written in late medieval mining laws of Hungary and Czechia. However, the small differences may show that after one and a half century the Serbian mining community introduced its own unique rules. Research is based on linguistic, systematic and historical analysis of the sources as well as the regressive analysis and comparative method.

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The conflict in registration of waqf land in Malaysia has been prolonged for such a long time particularly in Penang. This conflict has contributed to the major setback in development of waqf land. This paper aims to examine the procedure in registration of waqf land from legal perspective with reference to provisions in National Land Code 1965 and the state law under Administration of The Religious of Islam (State of Penang) Enactment 2004. The methodology used in this paper wasqualitative and content legal analysis method. This paper found there were inadequacy and insufficiency in administration and registration of waqf enactment in Malaysia. There were also lacuna in National Land Code 1965 and obscure and uncertain in creation and registration of waqf land. This paper concludes that Penang State Islamic Religious Council (SIRC) is in dire need to enact a specific law relating to administration and registration of waqf land in Penang together with a major plan to reform and strengthen the power of Syariah Court in addressing the issue of registration of waqf land in Penang.

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Land legislation - the Land Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law " Land Management", the Federal Law "Turnover of Agricultural Lands", the Federal Law "State Regulation of Agricultural Lands Fertility" proclaimed the obligation of state authorities, local governments, legal entities and individuals realize their activities with preservation of land as the most important component of the environment and a natural resource, and carry out measures for the reproduction of the fertility of agricultural lands. There are proclamations, but no effective economic, administrative mechanisms and institutions of enforcement to save productive land and soil fertility. Regulations for the environmentally safe use of separately cultivated plots of arable land, contours of hayfields and pastures with spatial identification of the boundaries of their action on the map for land management have not been established – we can see negative impacts of excessive cultivation of arable land. The proposed measures to ensure the fertility of agricultural lands are aimed not at land use with soil-saving agricultural technologies in the process of agricultural activities when growing crops (in accordance with the established regulations), but at restoration of soil fertility after depletion of agricultural land use through reclamation and other measures for agrochemical services. This article proposes to restore the compulsory land management activities in case of identification of lands with water and wind erosion and other negative impacts with the development of regulations for environmentally safe agricultural land use for each field or part of it, the contour of hayfields and pastures exposed to negative impacts of anthropogenic or natural load. It is easier to prevent than to cure.

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The article examines the main aspects of termination of land ownership rights due to land seizure for state and municipal needs. Analyzing law and judicial practice the author distinguishes problems appeared in legal precedents of land seizure. The article contains the commentary on several changes in the Land Code of the Russian Federation and formulates suggestions for improving legal regulations of termination of land ownership rights.

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Nowadays, according to decentralization and current legislation (Land Code of Ukraine, Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine «On Self-Governance»), the public lands have been transferred to the CTCs since 1 February 2018. In 2018/2019, 788 CTCs received communal ownership of 1.68 ha of public lands. According to the Draft Law «On Amendments to Several Legal Documents of Ukraine on Agricultural Lands Turnover», the consolidated territorial communities become the legal entities and can acquire property rights to agricultural land plots. Therefore, transferring the lands to be used by the newly created CTCs is currently an urgent issue that requires extended scientific and practical research. The paper aims to research the role of land reform in Ukraine and its impact on increase of CTCs’ budget revenues. The stages of land reform and the development of the land reform in Ukraine as well as its implementation strategy are outlined. The disparities of the integrated satellite map and the data of the Land Cadaster of Ukraine in terms of unregistered lands are defined. The amount of a CTC budget’s increased revenues due to the reform is estimated. Statistical data on small, medium, and large farmers and their interest in the land reform are analyzed. The terms of selling the land to foreign investors and conditions of participation in land auctions are examined. The mechanisms of land purchase, selling, and lease in line with the land reform are suggested. Generalizing the presented aspects of the land reform in Ukraine and their impact on economic activity of the newly created CTCs, it can be argued that the process is quite positive and necessary for both communities and businesses in order to get additional budget revenues for CTCs. The land reform improves the living standards of Ukrainian people through the disclosure of the country’s agricultural capacity.

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This paper summarizes the key issues of rights protection of indigenous minor peoples of the Russian North (Khanty and Mansi), who lead a traditional lifestyle, exploiting their ancestral lands: hunting, fishing, and using other resources. In the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area, individuals are often prosecuted for illegal felling (Article 260, Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), as well as for illegal acquisition, transfer, sale, possession, transportation or carrying of explosives or explosive devices (Article 222.1, RF Criminal Code). However, land management allows for the general public to perform these activities as well, not only for the relatives or friends of the owner of these ancestral lands. Following the casework, the author has found that in a significant number of cases, the investigation fails to establish either the direct ownership of items limited in circulation (gunpowder and ammunition) or specific individuals who performed the felling. Such being the case, the legal owner of the land or its part is held liable. The purpose of this article is to justify the need for amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, i. e. providing for exempting those individuals from criminal liability, who have committed acts, set forth formally, sustaining their traditional lifestyle in the North. This new law will allow the protection of indigenous minorities of the North from inconsistent criminal reprisals and to preserve their cultural practices.

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The article reviews new rules on allotment of land plots to citizens and legal persons. The State Duma included these rules into the Land Code of the Russian Federation in summer 2014. Now they have come into force. The article focuses on the following issues. 1. How do these rules affect the land legislation in general? 2. What are the changes in the powers of public authorities of subjects of the Russian Federation and bodies of local self-government in regulating the order of land plots’ allotment and in implementation of such allotment? 3. How justified is the fact that now auctions are the only possible form of a land tender? The author believes that it is necessary to preserve competitive bidding for cases when same agricultural land plots are allotted to citizens and legal entities. Also there remains a problem associated with the transfer of power on allotment of lands from local governments of municipal areas to the level of rural settlements.

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The article deals with the theoretical and legal research of the Institute of Land Disputes as a separate type of land legal relations. The modern scientific concepts of understanding the legal nature of the settlement of land disputes in the science of land and environmental law are analyzed. It is concluded that the legislative consolidation of the settlement of land disputes as a guarantee of land rights determines the peculiarities of determining the content of this legal category as a type of land legal relations, regulated by the rules of land legislation. On the one hand, as a guarantee for the protection of human rights, the resolution of a land dispute is viewed through the prism of its effectiveness, which is ensured (implemented) with the help of public authorities within the powers defined by law to make a decision that will restore the violated, unrecognized or contested right. On the other hand, the settlement of land disputes is seen as a kind of land management relations of procedural content. On the basis of a systematic analysis of the provisions of the Land Code of Ukraine, it is concluded that Section V of the Land Code of Ukraine contains only legal guarantees for the protection of land rights, not guarantees for land rights, and leaves out the guarantees of realization and protection of land rights, which are defined outside this section. The urgent issue remains the effectiveness of resolving land disputes and strengthening its importance as a guarantee for the protection of land rights. This raises practical problems of differentiation of competence, efficiency of procedures of consideration of cases and execution of decisions in land disputes. The lack of quality legal regulation causes the settlement of land disputes as a guarantee for the protection of land rights not receiving proper practical implementation and to some extent being declarative.

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Criminal legal arrangements regarding liability for land tenure without rights are found in the provisions of Article 6 paragraph (1) jo. Article 2 of Law No. 51 / PRP / 1960 concerning Prohibition of Use of Land without a Right of Permit or Proxy, Article 167 of the Criminal Code, Article 385 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code. Factors causing land ownership without rights are: Lack of community legal awareness and lack of community legal knowledge. The criminal law policy on criminal liability for control of land without rights as a minor crime is in the form of a penalty in which the perpetrators of the criminal act of controlling land without rights can be submitted to court on the basis of committing criminal acts in the form of violations and in the form of non-penal actions in the form of mediation between the mastering actors land without rights with the right owner.

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Before applicable Agrarian Law no. 5/1960, Indonesia apply two legal system in trouble land, namely based on Adat Law (Hukum Adat) and Civil Code (KUH Perdata). After applicable the Agrarian Law, Civil Code books part II still remain in force to the extent of land ownership as a motionless object (benda tak bergerak). Status of land ownership are divided into : property rights/Hak Milik (article 20 Agrarian Law), Hak Guna Usaha (article 28 Agrarian Law), Hak Guna Bangunan (article 35 Agrarian Law) and Hak Pakai (article 41 Agrarian Law). On article 19 Agrarian Law, explained that registration of land held by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia through the national land Agency and the task execution registration is done by the Head Office of the land in these areas, where the land registry implementation conducted by the head of Office assisted by land deed official (Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah/PPAT) and other officials who are assigned to perform a particular activity. According to article 21 paragraph (1) Agrarian Law, who can do the registration of property rights over land are citizens of Indonesia, as well as legal entities such as banks, government agencies and religious charities.

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The investigation is a pre-requisite process for any prosecution proceedings. However, the requirement of preparing an Investigation Paper (IP) is entirely new in the Malaysian Land Administration as it has only become mandatory with the coming into force of the National Land Code (Amendment) 2008 in January 2009. Prior to that, a Land Administrator can compound an offender under the National Land Code 1965 (NLC) without an IP. With the coming into operation of sections 429A and 429B of the NLC, a Land Administrator is now required to get written consent from Public Prosecutor before prosecuting or compounding an offender. Consequently, many Land Administrators have faced difficulty in offering compound or instituting prosecution proceeding due to their lack of expertise in conducting a criminal investigation and preparing IP. In relation thereof, this paper aims to discuss the importance of the criminal investigation process for offenses under the Malaysian Land Law. It will begin with the process of appointment of the Investigator. The aim is to show the effect of producing IP in order to complete the enforcement action and to secure the revenue of the State Government. It will also identify any inadequacies and challenges faced by investigators while completing the investigation. This research applies qualitative methods to achieve the objectives. Social legal research was adopted by collecting sample data from Kelantan Land Director’s office and also by referring to the NLC and the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) as primary sources. Secondary sources include books, scholarly articles and news reports found in journals, and the Internet. It is concluded that the government should consider enhancing the land criminal investigation institution by empowering the IO, providing distinctive investigation guidelines and establishing a special department for the Investigation Unit in the Office of State Director.

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The issues of land legislation in the field of regulation of land relations have been identified. It was determined that pre-reform period was characterized by the planned development of economy, on-farm land management design was mandatory and was of a directive nature. The author notes that the Rules for Rational Use of Agricultural Lands establish the existence of onfarm land management projects aimed at their rational use. The results of the analysis showed that currently in the land legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan there are no clear requirements for drafting projects in the system of measures on land use regulation. Therefore, in practice, they are developed by only a small part of economic entities, which leads to deterioration in reclamation state of agricultural land, decrease in fertility level, contamination of crops with weeds, spread of various diseases and plant pests, degradation of forage lands (pastures, hayfields), etc. All this is the result of underdeveloped land legislation, weak implementation of public control over the use and protection of land. The existing structure of on-farm land management projects has been analyzed. The conclusion on the need for their development, as well as methodological instructions based on new approaches and innovative technologies was done. It is noted that in 2018 at the legislative level, amendments were made to the Land Code, regulating the procedure and features of the provision of State-owned agricultural land for peasant or private farm operations, agricultural production through tender commission. Owners or land users were invited to develop on-farm land management projects at their own expense.

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The use of Morse code in rehabilitation applications is usually taught by visual or auditory methods. Yet, people experienced in Morse code use in land-line and radio telegraphy suggest that encoding and decoding rates can be enhanced through primary reliance on auditory methods for mastering the code. This study investigated the best way to learn Morse code. Sixty healthy adults with no preliminary knowledge of Morse code, ages 18 to 30 years, participated. Subjects were randomly divided into three groups to learn the Morse code through three different methods: visual chart reference method; auditory method using computer software; and combined method. After the practice period, the encoding rate and accuracy were tested using a handwriting test. One-way analysis of variance was used for each of the two measurements: time and error. Subjects from the combined method group were significantly faster than subjects from the visual method, and had significantly fewer errors than subjects in the auditory method. Therefore, if both time and accuracy of conveyance are important, it appears that learning through both the visual and the auditory systems allow the subjects best to internalise the codes as language. These conclusions should apply not only for the teaching of clients, but also when mastering the Morse code as clinicians.

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Sustainable development of Ukraine is not possible without the functioning of a civilized land market.The Ukrainian government has formed a set of amendments to the Land Code and other laws and provides for the start of the land market in mid-2021. However, the mechanism for assessing land resources is not sufficiently developed and requires saturation of methodological and information support. The article proposes methods of land valuation and methods of determining its investment attractiveness for investors.The formation of the information base for the assessment of land resources is possible only by applying a retrospective method of analysis of data generated on Ukrainian lands in a market economy, due to the peculiarities of the interrupted evolutionary process. In the analysis of investment attractiveness of land assets, the main focus is on the possibilities of applying the method of standardization of indicators. Application of the offered methods will promote creation in Ukraine of the effective market of the earth with harmonious maintenance of interests of the Ukrainian people and investors. The purpose of this article is to study the methods of valuation of land assets of Ukraine to determine their investment attractiveness in the formation of the land market.

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The efficacy of a water quality management strategy highly depends on the analysis of water quality data, which must be intensively analyzed from both spatial and temporal perspectives. This study aims to analyze spatial and temporal trends in water quality in Code River in Indonesia and correlate these with land use and land cover changes over a particular period. Water quality data consisting of 15 parameters and Landsat image data taken from 2011 to 2017 were collected and analyzed. We found that the concentrations of total dissolved solid, nitrite, nitrate, and zinc had increasing trends from upstream to downstream over time, whereas concentrations of parameter biological oxygen demand, cuprum, and fecal coliform consistently undermined water quality standards. This study also found that the proportion of natural vegetation land cover had a positive correlation with the quality of Code River’s water, whereas agricultural land and built-up areas were the most sensitive to water pollution in the river. Moreover, the principal component analysis of water quality data suggested that organic matter, metals, and domestic wastewater were the most important factors for explaining the total variability of water quality in Code River. This study demonstrates the application of a GIS-based multivariate analysis to the interpretation of water quality monitoring data, which could aid watershed stakeholders in developing data-driven intervention strategies for improving the water quality in rivers and streams.

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Land parcel numbering is an important part of the Land Administration. As the land parcels are not of uniform size, different in shape and not presenting simple geometric arrangement, using artificial code means heavy workload, low efficiency and error-prone. This paper develops a new program of land parcel automatic numbering, using C # and ArcGIS Engine components, which gets a good result in the practical projects.

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ABSTRACTThis article explores the ways in which the Ivoirian Land Code of 1998 has played into political debates around national citizenship that have divided Ivoirian society since the 1990s. The attempts to reinterpret public policies on land and immigration have played a crucial role in exacerbating the political crisis of nationalism. When land was linked to nationality and indigeneity, the land question became significant in determining the boundaries of nationality, since to gain security in property rights Ivoirian nationality had to be proved. The article traces how land policy has been transformed from an inclusive framework that encouraged the rapid expansion of the cocoa and coffee frontiers in the 1970s to an exclusionary policy rooted in concepts of nationalism and autochthony, as land became increasingly scarce in the south-west. The Land Code of 1998 endorsed this nationalism, preventing foreigners and their descendants from owning land. Through an example of a conflict in Tabou in which Burkinabé migrants were ejected from the land, the article shows how customary land values have been recreated to take on nationalistic, xenophobic values, according to which ethnic identities become conflated with distinctions between ‘indigenous’ and ‘foreign’, and land relations are defined as between ethnic groups rather than being contractual relations between individuals belonging to different groups: thus social identities become more exclusive.

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The problem discussed in this study is the authority of the land deed maker in making authentic deeds and potential criminal offenses in carrying out the position of the official land deed maker, because it is very important for the officials of the land deed maker in assuming his position to provide services and information about agreements to make land certificates and for the public interest. This study aims to examine the position of criminal law in the order of carrying out the duties and authorities of the official land deed. This study was designed in juridical-empirical research. The result of this research is that the official land deed maker is inseparable from the responsibility of the deed he made and the implementation of the position of Land deed official has the potential to cause a criminal offense. Potential criminal offenses referred to are potential criminal offenses in the implementation of Land Titles Registrar positions in falsifying authentic deeds regulated and threatened with criminal offenses in Article 264 paragraph (1) jo. Article 263 of the Criminal Code. The falsification of the letter is punishable by imprisonment for a maximum of eight years, if it is carried out on authentic deeds in Article 264 paragraph (1) number 1 of the Criminal Code.

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Abstract Land cover has always been and still it is one of the main challenges in the field of geography. This study will be focused on “experimentation” of one of the most modern techniques of our time, becoming irreplaceable standard for decision-making in matters of land cover and the square method. Here we are talking about the standard named: CORINE Land Cover, a technique for describing the land cover, initiated by the European Union in 1985. More precisely part of this paper will be the principles of this technique and their practical application, by doing a research through these techniques for specific areas. CORINE Land Cover will be used to explain the coverage area while the square method will be used for the division of the research area. The research area has been designed through random method. In this study are given three study areas along the coastline with an area of 100 km2, by making the entire research area of 300 km2. Each “main” area is divided in sub-areas of 100 ha, while each of these sub-areas is divided into smaller squares with equal area of 1 ha. There are two “main experiments” in this paper: 1. Land cover technique – to design the minimum research area we used the method of square, while for explaining the coverage we used CORINE Land Cover nomenclature. 2. Technology to implement the technique – we used the so called open source GIS software and for satellite images we used Google geo-web service.

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The article discusses the problems faced by Russian entrepreneurs in the implementation of land rights. The author notes that in the transition to a new system of limited real rights must take into account the interest of business. Particular attention is paid to the analysis proposed for the introduction of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the two property rights to land, buildings and permanent tenure. The article highlights the prospects of these rights, noted shortcomings of the bill to amend the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the legal model proposed legislated specified rights in rem.

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The modern European unitary conception of ownership emerged from the dissolution of feudalism and achievement of a deeper understanding of Roman law to become an ideal of property law in the European Civil-Law tradition. Prior to its dissolution European feudalism represented hierarchies of legal tenure in land, such as the division of land ownership between dominus directus (direct owner) and dominus utilis (beneficial owner) and overlapping hierarchies of social class descending from monarchy and aristocracy to bonded serfdom. Support for the resolution of divided land ownership and victory for the unitary concept of ownership was found in the Roman law tradition. The dissolution of feudal hierarchies took different historical courses in the legal traditions that we now identify as the French, German, Common-Law and Russian legal systems and with great local variation even within those emergent traditions. The unitary concept of ownership is found today in the French and German Civil Codes and is for practical purposes reflected in the prevalence of the common-law tenure of freehold. In Russia the systemized digest of the laws of the Russian Empire, the Svod Zakonov of 1832, provided no civil-law notion of divided ownership or perpetual rights. In the Soviet era exclusive state ownership of land and the means of production was also viewed as unitary, which raised serious questions about how state agencies and enterprises could engage in transactions with their assets and products. Venediktov’s celebrated doctrine of the right of operative management, codified in the Civil Code of the rsfr of 1964, provided legal recognition of de facto proprietary rights for state enterprises. This introduced a form of divided ownership ‘on the ground’ despite the dogma of unitary state ownership. This reality further manifested itself in widespread division of ownership between land and buildings. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation of 1994 retained and even extended some of these solutions that relied on split or divided ownership. This might have been a pragmatic way forward in the early 1990s, however twenty years later the demands of a modern sophisticated legal system require a policy trajectory back toward a modern European unitary conception of ownership. The Russian Civil Code thus should be extended in this direction.

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This study aimed to carry out the rural environmental registration and benchmarking between Law No. 4771 of October 15, 1965 (old Forest Code) and Law No. 12651 of May 25, 2012 (current Forest Code). The study area constitutes a property, located in the north of the Rio Grande do Sul state, ith an area of 49.77 hectares, representing 2.48 tax modules. Identified were 14 classes of use and land cover, which were divided into two classes, the anthropic use and natural use. Use areas were found restricted in springs, river banks and plated for the two laws. Areas edge plated found to the old forestry code and areas of restricted use for the current forest code. The use of data crossing and land cover and PPAs showed some flexibility in relation to the current forest code which extinguishes 7.11 hectares in PPAs, 14.22% of the total area. In the property 3.91 hectares belonged to areas of anthropic use and 3.17 hectares of natural areas use. The application of the transitional rules and new concepts covered by Law No. 12,651/12 may contribute to this effect.

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Issues concerning the land can be prevented, at least to reduce the potential to avoid the cause, the problems are legal events, so the causes can be known and recognized by re-looking through existing legal ground view. From the problems in court, the process of settling the case takes a long time, sometimes for many years, it is because of the level of court that must be passed the District Court or Administrative Court, High Court, and Supreme Court.The problem in this paper is how the legal protection of land ownership rights for foreigners with the marriage with the citizens of Indonesia?egal protection of ownership of land rights for foreign nationals with marital sustainability with Indonesian citizens as a means of tenure of land ownership by foreign. By applying the nominee agreement, foreign nationals may control land as possessing land rights as Indonesian citizens. However, this agreement has not been regulated in Indonesia, especially the legal system of agreements set forth in the Civil Code (KUHPdt), so it is categorized into the category of legal smuggling of land ownership rights for foreigners. The legal effort to be taken in solving the problem of legal smuggling of land ownership rights for Foreigners with Marriage Sustainability with Indonesian Citizens is inseparable from the provisions of Article 1320 and Article 1338 of the Civil Code (KUHPdt).